Two references to Thomas Bernhard made last month by two of Britain's most prominent novelists are unremarkable in themselves, yet still surprising. Eleven years ago, when I wrote
an introductory essay for Spike Magazine, such references by such people were unthinkable. On Radio 3's
Nightwaves, following up his
impressive and moving lecture, Will Self acknowledges that WG Sebald has strong affinities with "the lapidary monologuing" of Bernhard, yet also different because he moved to England in the Sixties. "If he had remained at home", Self wonders:
might he not have become – at the very least – a German version of Thomas Bernhard, a refusenik, an internal exile, his solipsism not modulated by melancholy but intensified until it became a cachinnating cynicism? Instead, Sebald’s writing is anecdotal in feel, and furnished with plenty of English quotidiana – Teasmades and coal fires, battered cod and dotty prep schoolmasters, branch line rail journeys and model-making enthusiasts; enough, at any rate, to submerge any disquieting philosophizing.
A modulated solipsism is nice way of putting it: no cure here, only mitigation; palliative care. The centrality of melancholy to Sebald's work is probably the equivalent of Bernhard's cynicism; manifestations, that is, of contingent facts of life: the peace of the East Anglian landscapes, for example, compared to the venal denial of Vienna. Writers become who they are for many reasons, some more obvious than others. Self's thesis is that distance from Germany and closeness to the Jewish community in Manchester guided Sebald's determination to bear witness to the Holocaust and thereby help to remove the taint on Germany. But more than that: to bear witness to the presence of destruction in the peace of the English present. He writes about the destruction of German cities by the Allies and the destruction of nature in the abattoir of industry. Self's lecture is particularly welcome for bringing the English taint to our attention:
Sebald had no need of a Holocaust Remembrance Day – and I believe that if we read him rightly nor have we English. In Germany a Memorial Day for the Victims of National Socialism is indeed an appropriate response – if not an atonement – for crimes committed, but here Tony Blair might have done better to inaugurate a Refusal to Grant Refugee Jews Asylum Memorial Day, or an Incendiary Bombing of German Cities Memorial Day, or even – casting the shadow forward – an Iraqi Civilians Memorial Day, for these are deaths that more properly belong at our door. For Sebald and for those of us who hearken to his work, there is no need to remember, because the Nazis’ Holocaust is still happening in an interlocking space, while before us are the poisoned seas, the glowing piles and the cold putrefaction of an environmental one.
The blind eye we turn to the implications of Sebald's novels is emphasised by the disproportionate attention given to his least best novel
Austerlitz. Had this been less explicitly about the Holocaust, as the three others are, one wonders if this novel would be regarded so highly. When he
turned his attention to the Allied bombing of German cities, reviewers
used it as a stick to beat opponents of the invasion of Iraq, to align them with 1930s appeasers. Self says "it is hard to imagine Sebald subsuming the emotional reality of the Holocaust to an intellectual abstraction", yet not subsuming the live incineration of Iraqi families is precisely what agitates the cognitive dissonance of mainstream gatekeepers like Daniel Johnson. A cachinnating cynicism would be required instead perhaps. Which brings me to the second mention of Bernhard. In
Prospect Magazine, the house paper of the English liberal intelligentsia, Martin Amis caused a fuss by dismissing JM Coetzee by claiming "his whole style is predicated on transmitting absolutely no pleasure":
Amis: People assume that it’s the gloomy buggers that are the serious ones — but in fact, anyone who has ever been anywhere in fiction is funny. Yet there are whole reputations built on not being funny. Who’s that German writer doesn’t even have paragraph breaks?
Tom Chatfield: I don’t know him, I don’t tend to read that kind of German writer.
Steven Poole was the first to point out that "Amis might have been thinking of the Austrian writer Thomas Bernhard, who in my opinion is extremely funny". Are there any other writers in German who don't use paragraph breaks? Perhaps Amis is being funny himself; after all, who ever gets
pleasure from paragraph breaks ("Hit return, baby, one more time")? My own bewilderment at comments like this – another one would be
Jonathan Jones' dismissal of Saul Bellow in favour of a much lesser writer – suggest that Will Self is right to raise the biographical influence on Sebald's fiction. I wonder if this could be the reason why Amis' novels leave me cold, books written by a stranger in a strange land. I have to say the same of Will Self's novels and those by almost every other big name in current English fiction, whereas Sebald and Bernhard and so many other European novelists give me the air in which to live and breathe. Perhaps it's something to do with internal and external exile. High modernism in English is peopled by exiles and aliens: Conrad, Eliot, Joyce, DH Lawrence and Woolf in their own ways, while contemporary writers whose novels have moved me also tend not to be inward with the culture in which they live and work: Sebald himself, Hugo Wilcken, Tao Lin, Jonathan Littell, Agota Kristof, JM Coetzee, Aharon Appelfeld. Of course it doesn't hold entirely and, Colin Wilson-like, one can overplay Outsider art, but what it does offer is an initial diagnosis of the long-term malaise in English fiction. Whereas Sebald and Bernhard expose their fellow countrymen to the taint, Martin Amis and Ian McEwan seem happier
to criticise the official enemy than the genocide being perpetrated in their name by young Christian white men (it's not just
Amis displaying "narcissism and [an] inability to empathise"). What is to be done? I'm not implying that English fiction needs to address this subject as such but, to quote
another writer not of his land, to find words for what would otherwise remain wordless.
Re Amis' remark,
ReplyDeleteThomas Bernhard was not a German, he was an Austrian (born in Holland). His publisher (Suhrkamp) is German.
Yes, which why I quoted Steven Poole immediately after Amis: "Amis might have been thinking of the Austrian writer Thomas Bernhard, who in my opinion is extremely funny".
ReplyDeleteThe clue is in the word "Austrian".
Funny, I always think of German-language writers, Handke aside, in terms of huge blocks of text, no breaks. In my memory, The Castle was one big block, per chapter anyway. But, no, turns out it's not the case. It was true, generally, of Peter Weiss, though.
ReplyDeleteAnyway, all else aside in this fine post, Amis seems to have a rather narrow view of what constitutes "pleasure" or, indeed, "funny".
Ja, I missed the 'clue'. Aber yes, as regular 'this-space' readers know, TB was a German writer in the sense that he wrote in German sprache and his publisher was German. I was only thinking of the average Martin Amis reader.
ReplyDeleteBy the way, I'm translating TB's 'Watten' for amusement only, as it says on the 1 pfennig in the slot machines, and am also reading Finnegans Wake at the same time. Verrücktheit!
Gwilym
"Almost every other big name in current English fiction" begs the question which contemporary English author(s) do you enjoy reading?
ReplyDeleteAnthony, he did say,
ReplyDelete"contemporary writers whose novels have moved me also tend not to be inward with the culture in which they live and work: Sebald himself, Hugo Wilcken, Tao Lin, Jonathan Littell, Agota Kristof, JM Coetzee, Aharon Appelfeld."
Granted Sebald is dead and half the others aren't writing in English, but they are translated and I think for a conception broad as "current English fiction," that's enough.
I am curious how Tao Lin, whom I like very much, isn't so "inward." Or how specifically Shoplifting from American Apparel isn't when it presents in whole objects such as Gmail chats, Sony earbuds, the titular stores, semi-obscure bands, vegan restaurants, and meaningless nights at bars. I suppose I don't understand the distinction / am thrown by the emblems.
That's a seriously interesting question from Anthony! Perhaps there's a 'clue' on Steve's Shelfari?
ReplyDeleteI just looked on my own shelves - but outside of the poetry small press field there don't seem to be many English authors. They are mostly Europeans and Americans.
The next two books I'm ordering are by a Russian and an Indian. So now to my library books: Gustav Janus 'Gedichte', Gustav Janus 'Mitten im Satz','Spanish Poems 15th-20th Cent.', Elfriede Jelinek 'Lust', e e cummings '100 Selected...',
W H Auden 'Kirchsettner Gedichte'.
Well, thank JC for that last one, but then WHA was living here in Austria when he wrote those poems.
Is this a trend? Does Eng.Lit yawn a lot of us to death?
Further on the Amis interview, he repeats for the umpteenth time that he never reads his 'youngers', which is getting ridiculous for a man in his 60s. And it further demonstrates how facile his literary judgement really is (and makes me feel even more ashamed of a teenage infatuation with The War Against Cliche as a model of criticism) - those writers with genuine aesthetic vison, like, say, Ezra Pound, can see clearly their elders (eg Yeats) and their youngers (eg Oppen) while sticking to the sorts of standards that relegate Virgil to the second rank.
ReplyDeleteMatthew, I was thinking more of Eeeee Eee Eeee but Shoplifting does have the same distant or broken connection with American culture no matter how familiar the details are. (The latter I think is too rhetorical for my liking.) Perhaps his is more of an internal exile then, though he does have (I think) Singaporean heritage.
ReplyDeleteYes, it's hard to read more than a few pages of Bernhard without being moved to laughter by the sheer splenetic vigour of the writing. But Beckett's another bete noire of Amis's, and he's also an infinitely finer, and funnier, writer than young Martin.
ReplyDelete